Colouration of Silk with Natural Dyes Essay Example

Colouration of Silk with Natural Dyes Essay Colouration of Silk with Natural Dyes Dr. Rajashree Phukon, Registration ID- AB/565 , Assist. Prof. , Sibsagar Girls’ College, P. O. Sivasagar, Assam, Pin-785640, e-mail ID:[emailprotected] com and Mr Diganta Kr. Borah, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India, e-mail ID: [emailprotected] in. ABSTRACT The study was undertaken with an aim to develop the dyeing conditions of four different natural dyes which are easily available in North East India, namely Myrica nagi Thumb. (Bay berry), Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f. Cochin goroka), Artocarpus integrifolia Linn. f. (Jack fruit), and Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Black plum) on silk yarn. The natural mordant used in the research work is Aluminium Potassium Sulphate (AlK (SO4)2) for better fixation of the dyes. The dyes are extracted by alkaline method and the extraction time is optimized from the optical density values. The pre-mordanting method is used for mordanting the yarn. Shades of different colours, ranging from yellow to brown are obtained from the dyes on silk yarn. Fastness grades rated for all the samples are found to be good irrespective of all the dyes. The dyes are found to be an ideal source which could be adopted at commercial level. 1. Introduction Natural dyes have been part of man’s life, since time immemorial. The age-old art of dyeing with natural dyes was common in India. Natural dyes are obtained from natural sources such as vegetable matter, minerals and insects. Early efforts of colouring fabrics were hampered by the fact that some of the dyes are not very colourfast. Eventually scientist found that this defect could be partially overcome by the use of mordant. The natural colouring substances are now developing trends for their use all over the world because of health hazards and toxicity problems created by the synthetic dyes [1]. 2. Objective: Considering the growing importance of natural colorants all over the world, the present work was undertaken with an aim to study the dyeing conditions of selected natural dyes on silk yarn. 3. Materials and methods: 3. 1 Selection and Preparation of yarn for dyeing Mulberry silk yarn was selected for dyeing and collected from a private firm near Guwahati, India. We will write a custom essay sample on Colouration of Silk with Natural Dyes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Colouration of Silk with Natural Dyes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Colouration of Silk with Natural Dyes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The natural gum sericin present in the silk hinders the dyeing process and hence silk needs to be degummed. Degumming of silk was carried out by using standard method [2]. 3. 2 Selection of natural dyes: Table 1. Dye yielding plants selected for the study are: |Sl. No. |Botanical name |Common name |Family |Parts used | |1 |Myrica nagi Thumb | Bay berry |Myriaceae |Bark | |2 |Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. . |Cochin goroka |Guttiferae |Bark | |3 |Artocarpus integrifolia Linn. f. |Jack fruit |Moraceae |Root | |4 |Eugenia jambolana Lam. |Black plum |Myriaceae |Bark | 3. 3. Selection of mordant: Mordant form the link between dyestuff and fibre, which allows the dye with no affinity for the fibre to be fixed [3]. Among the mordant used for fixing natural dyes, metallic mordents are most common. The mordant used in the research work is Aluminium potassium sulphate (alum) AlK2 (SO4)2 which is consider as eco friendly [4]. 3. 4. Selection of mordant concentration The amount of mordents used in dyeing plays an important role as the mordents forms the link between the dyestuff and fibre. After much preliminary work, the mordant concentration was determined which was mainly based on the percentage of absorption of the dye and visual assessment of the shade. Three mordant percentages were used and the observations were made at three levels i. e. 5, 10 and 15% concentrations. 3. 5. Mordanting method Pre-mordanting method was used for this study. In this method, the yarns were mordanted in the first stage and then dyed. First optical density of the extracted dye liquor was recorded. 5, 10, and 15% solution of alum were prepared by dissolving in water. Yarn samples were then treated in each of the mordant solutions and then dyed in the prepared dye bath for various time periods for each dye. Optical density of the dye liquor was recorded before and after dyeing. Samples were then washed, rinsed and dried in shade. 3. 6. Extraction of dyes Selected natural dyes were extracted by alkaline method. In this method, 1% of alkaline solution was prepared by adding 1 ml of Na2CO3 in 100 ml of soft water. The dye material was boiled at 80-90Â °C in the dye bath. Then the dye solution was filtered. The optical density of the solution was recorded 3. 7. Determination of dye absorption using spectrophotometer For determining the percentage of dye absorption by the yarn, the dye solution before and after dyeing was subjected to visual light of specific wavelength using spectrophotometer. The beam of light transmitted by the sample was detected and recorded as optical density. The hue given by the dye was noted. To arrive at the peak wavelength suitable for the dye liquor, scanning of the dye liquor was done and the peak at which optical density was high was noted. 3. 8. Test for colour fastness All the dyed yarn samples were evaluated for colour fastness to washing sunlight, rubbing, and perspiration by the standard procedures laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards [5]. 4. Result and discussion: The findings of the present work are discussed below. 4. 1 Optimized dyeing conditions: 4. 1. 1 Optimized dye material extraction time Table 2. Optimized dye material extraction time by determining optical density |Dye yielding plants |Extraction time, min. |Wave length (nm) |Optical density | | | | | | |M. nagi |45 |470 |0. 470 | |G. xanthochymus |45 |450 |0. 440 | |A. ntegrifolia |30 |430 |0. 411 | |E. jambolana |60 |500 |0. 324 | Table 2 revealed the optimized dye extraction time which are 45 min for M. nagi and G. xanthochymus,, likewise one hr. for E. jambolana, and 30 min for A. integrifolia based on optical density. The suitable wave length are 470. 450, 430, and 500 for M. nagi, G. xanthochymus, A. integrifolia, and E. Jambolana respectively. 4. 1. Optimized concentration for dyeing Table 3. Optimized concentration of various parameters for dyeing |Dye yielding plants |Concentration of dye |Concentration of |Concentration of the|Mordanting |Dyeing | | |material in g/100gm of |alkali g/100gm of dye |mordant g/100gm of |time(min) |time(min) | | |yarn |material |yarn | | | |M. nagi |200 |5 |10 |30 |30 | |G. anthochymus |200 |5 |10 |30 |30 | |A. integrifolia |300 |7 |15 |30 |30 | |E. jambolana |300 |10 |15 |30 |45 | The data presented on the Table 3 shows that 200gm of M. Nagi, and G. Xanthochymus each are required for dyeing of 100gm of silk where as 300gm of A. Integrifolia and E. Jambolana each are required for dyeing of 100gm of silk. Similarly the concentration of alkali required 5gm of each for 100gm of dye material i. c. M. Nagi, G. Xanthochymus and also 7gm for A. Integrifolia and 10gm for E. Jambolana. Optimized mordanting and dyeing time are 30 mins for all the dyes except E. Jambolana where optimized dyeing time is 45mins. 5. Colour produced: The selected natural dyes produced different shades of beige, yellow and brown colours on silk yarn. 6. Fastness grades of the dyes: Table 5: Fastness grades of the dyes on silk at optimum dyeing conditions Dye yielding plants |Washing fastness |Rubbing fastness grade |Light |Perspiration fastness grade | | |grade | |fastness | | | | | |grade | | | |CC* |CS# |Dry |Wet | |Acidic |Alkaline | | | | |CC |CS |CC | | |Required |cost(`) |Required |cost(`) | | | | | |amount | |amount | | | | | |M. nagi (2kg) |100gm |15. 20 |100 |18. 00 |8. 00 |25. 00 |66. 20 | |G. xanthochymus |100gm |15. 20 |100 |18. 00 |8. 00 |25. 00 | 66. 20 | |(2kg) | | | | | | | | |A. ntegrifolia |210gm |31. 92 |150 |27. 00 |8. 00 |25. 00 |91. 92 | |(3kg) | | | | | | | | |E. jambolana (3kg) |300gm |45. 60 |150 |27. 00 |8. 00 |25. 00 |105. 60 | From the Table 4, it was found that approximate cost required for dyeing 1kg of silk yarn by using optimized dyeing conditions are `66. 20 for M. Nagi, and G. Xanthochymus each where as for A. Integrifolia and E. Jambolana the calculated cost are `91. 92 and `105. 60 espectively. The cost of the dye material is not included as it is locally available. 8. Summary: From the present study, it could be concluded that the selected dyes were found to be an ideal source of natural dyes. At the 21st century, maintaining a safe environmental balance becomes even more important as synthetic dyes are based on toxic raw materials and intermediates. The effluents from the industry are some of the major causes of environmental pollution. Natural dyes are not only free from this handicap but could also assist the regeneration of the environment if plans were developed to cultivate these plant varieties on a commercial scale. Petrochemicals, the base of synthetic dyes is limited and irreplaceable while the vegetarian based resources of dyes are replaceable besides being bio-degradable. All over the world, environmental regulations are becoming more and more stringent and are forcing a shift of technology towards less polluting or practically non-polluting areas of technological development. Keeping in view the environmental aspects, there is a need to realize the importance of exploring the technology of non-toxic natural dyes. From the present work it could be summarized that the selected natural dyes are a suitable choice for colouration of silk yarn. REFERENCES: 1. Vankar, S. P. (2001) . Current Trends in Natural Dyes for Eco friendly Textiles. Textile Indus. Trade J. 39(9-10):19 2. BIS method 15: 970-1980. 3. Singh, O. P. (2002). Natural dyes : The pros and cons. Indian Tex. J. January : 42-46 4. Gulrajani, M. L. (2001) Present Status of Natural Dyes. Indian J. Fiber Tex. Res. 26(12):191-201. 5. Burea u of Indian Standards No’s – IS: 3361-1979, IS : 686-1957, IS: 766-1956 and IS: 971-1956. Plate: Source of dye, part used and dyed silk yarn [pic][pic][pic] Black plum (Eugenia jambolana Lam. ) [pic][pic][pic] Jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia Linn. f. ) [pic][pic][pic] Cochin goroka (Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f. ) [pic][pic][pic] Bay berry (Myrica nagi Thumb)

Porsche Company

Porsche Company Porsche AG Background Ferdinand Porsche who was a renowned professor is the one who started the car manufacturing company as early as 1931. The company initially did not produce any vehicle with its brand, but specialized in offering motor vehicle development work and consultancy services to other automobile manufacturing companies.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Porsche Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company produced its first vehicle in 1934 when the company was contracted by the Germany government to design a car for Germany people. The assignment resulted to the production of the Volkswagen Beetle which became a very successful model up to date. The designing and production of the Volkswagen Beetle, resulted to designing and production of another successful model in 1939 referred as Porsche 64. The new car had many components that were similar to those of the Beetle. During world War II, the p roduction of Volkswagen were tailored to reflect the military version of Volkswagen Beetle that were referred as Kubelwagen and Schwimmwagen.approximately 52,000 and 14,000 of the two models were produced respectively. During the same period, Porsche also produced various designs of heavy tankers. At the end of World War II, the position of Volkswagen Company changed hands and it started to be managed by the British. Subsequently, a British major Army who was referred as Ivan Hirst replaced Ferdinand as the new chairman of the company board of management. Ferdinand was arrested in 15th December 1945 for war crimes, but was not tried. He was released from prison after 20-months imprisonment. When his father was in prison, his son Ferry Porsche designed another model of vehicle to steer up the company during that challenging moment and also to own a vehicle he desired since he could not get any vehicle in the market which interested him. The car he designed was regarded as 356 model a nd he designed its prototype from sawmill. The 356 model is often regarded as the first Porsche model because it was the first model to be marketed by the fledgling company. Porsche then built an assembly plant across the street from Reutter Karosserie which is currently referred as Porschestrasse. After the World War II, the components of 356 models were in short supply and therefore the automobile used the Volkswagen Beetle components that included the internal combustion engines, the suspension and transmission. The 356 model underwent various modifications namely A, B and C that resulted to replacement of parts of Volkswagen that were being used in early models of 356 by Porsche made parts.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The last models of Porsche 356 were fully powered by Porsche designed engines. In 1964, the Porsche 550 Spider model performed considera bly well in motor-racing that lead to the launching of another model that was referred as Porsche 911. This model possessed a rear engine. In 1972 the Porsche company legal form changed from limited partnership to public limited company. The change occurred because Ferry Porshe and his sisters, Louise felt that they did not team up very well as family which was greatly negatively affecting the smooth running of the company. The change of the legal form of the company allowed other people who were not members of the Porsche family to become members of the Executive Board of the company. Majority of the Board members consisted of people that were not members of Porsche family. There was another parallel supervisory board that consisted mainly of the members of the Porsche family. There were no family members that were involved in the operational managements of the Porsche Company. The absence of any member of the Porsche family taking part in the management of the Porsche company lead to F.A. Porsche founding his own design company that focused on designing sunglasses, furniture, watches among many more luxuries products. On the other hand, Ferdinand Piech who was responsible for designing the racing cars also founded his own engineering company. He designed five-cylinder-inline diesel engine for Mercedes Benz. The first CEO of Porsche was Dr. Ernst Fuhrman (Phaeton 32). Current Strategies Employed by Porsche Company Porsche Company has been successful in establishing a strong brand within German and globally due to its quality and stylish automobiles. It is well known for designing and production of great sports cars for over a period of 50 years. The company has employed a number of strategies so that to enable it succeed in the automobile industry and establish a strong local and international brand. Product Strategy The Porsche Company has realized the importance of product differentiations as a competitive strategy in the auto mobile industry. Porsche Compa ny has therefore been able to design, produce and launch a new car model every year. Its new models are always characterized by enhanced performance and more desirable special features.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Porsche Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This enables the company to meet the demand for all its customers. This includes both its purist Customers as well as those customers that are comfort oriented. The company has also realized that the young generation commands a great population in the current generation and especially in Asia, Africa and north and South America. The young generation also makes the greatest population of those people that are actively involved in the economy in majority of these regions. Therefore, young people are economically empowered and thus are good target in the automobile industry. The company has therefore designed and produced special models referred as Box sters which are positioned below 911 to lure the younger customers. This strategy has greatly boosted the perfomance of the Porsche Company. Many younger people have opted to purchase Porsche sport cars due to these special designs that are very attractive to the young generation. The Porsche Company has intensively engaged in research work. The researches they conduct help them to identify new models that assist the company to argument its product line so that to avoid it exclusively depending on the cyclic sport cars. The Porsche Company has realized that the tastes and preferences of customers are subject to change due to the ever changing economies, technology and other dynamics. Subsequently, the company has thus instituted appropriate mechanism in place to cater for the changes in tastes and preferences of its customers. The Porsche Company has adapted a concept of terminating the unprofitable low-volume models and introducing new models that have been designed in accordance t o the results of the market research that enables the firm to identify the needs and likes of its customers. Production and Cost Reduction Strategies The Porsche Company management has realized the importance of cutting down its production costs in order to be able to sell its products at a price that is affordable to most of its clients. The pricing strategy is important especially at the current economy that is characterized by increased inflation and economic recessions. The Porsche Company had opted to increase the outsourcing of most of its parts like motor management development by Bosch as well as assembly in Finland. The company has also adapted the concept of production of common parts that are compatible with most of its models. This is a strategy it uses to cut down on its costs of productions.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the Boxster resembles the 911 model. The company has in addition adapted the module assembly from Toyota which has also helped it greatly to increase efficiency in the production process that had tentatively reduced the costs of production greatly. The company has also reduced the costs of production by working with only very few suppliers who are highly efficient. The Porsche Company had been in the past being characterized by a very bureaucratic management hierarchy that had greatly hindered effective communication. Consequently, the management had resulted to poor performance of the company due to poor sharing of ideas within the company. As a result the company took appropriate measures to curtail its ineffective communications. It instituted a system that greatly decreased hierarchy in the Porsche Company which has necessitated communication within the company significantly. Effective communications have resulted to increased performance of the firm because all de partments are able to share their ideas with each other on the best strategies to enhance performance. The sales and marketing department have been able to communicate with the production department effectively and advise the production sector about tastes and preferences of the market in order for the designing and production department to tailor its productions in a manner to address the tastes and preferences of its customers. The Porsche Company had established close ties with other automobile companies that they do not compete directly. These relationships have helped the firm to learn from each other certain skills that they have employed to establish a competitive edge over their rivals. Some of the companies the Porsche firm has related closely include the Audi, the SUV and VW. Design Strategies The Porsche Company has been successful in establishing effective designs such as the Boxster. This design has been able to compete effectively with other similar designs from other brands such as BMW Z4, Mazda RX8 and Mercedes SLK among others. The Porsche Company has priced its product to give lowest profit margins to enhance its sales in order to help the design model compete healthy with other similar design from other brands. The company has been able to get an overall profit of 10% in a 40% sale. The 911 model is the other Porsche design that competes from those sport cars that are in the 70-150k price range category. They include models such as Corvette, BMW Z8, Ferrari 360 Spider as well as Mercedes SL. This is the Porsche design model that is priced to offer the highest profit margin of 51% of profits in the overall sale. Cayenne is the third design model that was designed, produced and launched to compete with similar designs from other brands such as Mercedes ML, Lexus and BMW X5. The design model is positioned in the high-power segment where it faces stiff competition. The fourth design model of the Porsche Company is the Super Sport Car that is oft en referred as Carrera GT. The car model competes with similar designs from other brands such as Ferrari Enzo, Mercedes SLR among others. The major external dynamic forces that are affecting the company There are various major external dynamic forces that are affecting the Porsche performance. There are some challenges that accompany the integration of the European Union countries. The integration makes Germany products to compete with other products on both prices and quality. Germany was in the past renowned for its high quality products. Germany used its quality as its competitive advantage. The exposure of the Germany’s industries especially the automobile industries to compete in terms of both price and quality is likely to affect the performance of the Germany automobile companies greatly if they will not be shielded from such a competition. Similarly, the existence of European single market that is based on a single currency causes an increased competition within vario us European Union governments. Stiff competitions can negatively affect the prices of the automobiles. This is the reason why the union should institute appropriate bodies to regulate the pricing of products to facilitate healthy competitions (Weihrich 6). Some of the external factors are tailored in helping the company to strengthen its brands both locally and internationally. One of the external factors that have benefited the company greatly is its ability to establish close ties with other automobile manufacturing firms such as the VW and the Audi. Close cooperation between the VW and Porsche Company was a strategic move for the company to that helped it to improve its performance greatly. The VW and Porsche Company had a long term relationship that had existed for many years. The Porsche Company is the firm that was designing the automobile for the VW Company. It is the Porsche Company that designed the initial Volkswagen model that latter became the VW Beetle. The Porsche Comp any and the VW had produced many car models that shared car components and platforms. The two companies also were closely involved in sharing research work and development which enabled them to enhance their performances to a great extent and establish strong global brands. The two firms had close ties because of the family bonds that existed among the shareholders of the two firms. This helped the two firms to develop new technologies jointly without any alarm for confidentiality. The Porsche Company was interested in acquisition of the VW Company due to the many synergies that resulted across a number of areas. By acquiring the VC Company, the Porsche Company was to enjoy in sharing the huge costs of electronics that accounted for 30-35% of its development costs. The Porsche management considered it more economical to spread this cost over more than 2 million cars that the joint venture was deemed to produce over its 100,000 cars it produced. The Porsche Company also realized the benefit of efficient fuel technology it would receive from the VW Company especially when there was roaming fears for emission regulations that were to be enacted. The ability of the Porsche Company to leverage brand in an effort to expand its product line is very important. This enables the company to sustain high sales of its automobile in the established markets and at the same time help it to penetrate new markets (Evtimov and Keseel 345). On the other hand, the Porsche Company witnesses various challenges as it extends its operations within and across borders. One of the company’s major challenges it faces is stiff competitions from companies that offers similar brands. Porsche Company faces a lot of completion from high-powered brands such as Ferrari as well as Mercedes and BMW. The company has recently witnessed a great decline in of its sales among its core markets. Great declines have been recorded in European regions which have been triggered by slow population grow th especially for the young generation. The Porsche Company has also been highly affected by economic recessions and the prevalent inflations and currency fluctuations. Porsche structure, culture, and management The Porsche Company has a strategic corporate culture. The company believes that people are the real engine in the company. The Porsche Company has emphasized its good performance as a result of the competent and highly dedicated workforce it possesses. It highly recognizes its manual work and greatly motivates its workforce to increase its morale to work hard. The Porsche Company encourages its employees to be creative and courageous. They promote these elements by greatly rewarding those employees who come up with new designs and technologies. It encourages every employee to make the best use of every opportunity that presents itself for his/her own growth and the growth of the organization. The Porsche Company has invested a lot of money in educating and training its empl oyees in order to enhance productivity. The company is ever devoted in trainings its future specialist through its well established program that guarantee long-term quality assurance as well as addressing the socio-political responsibility especially towards the young generation. The company is known to possess the biggest number of trainees compared to other Germany motor companies. The philosophy in Porsche Company is that of give and take. The company emphasizes most on trust in staff, Originality, independency, highest level of competence as well as teamwork. The Porsche Company’s structure encourages short communications route in order to promote sharing of ideas and greater integrations of staffs into the organization processes. The company’s structure allows un-bureaucratic cooperation between or among various departments. This ensures that everyone is able to develop individually and also being satisfied with his/her own undertaking in the overall realization o f the company’s goal (Henderson and Reavis 78). How well the current Porsche’s strategy, structure, culture and leadership is responding to the dynamic external environment In the process of coping with the external dynamics that were affecting the Porsche Company, the CEO Wendelin Wiedeking introduced a different core competence referred as the lean manufacturing. In addition, he synchronized the engineering work in order to enhance efficiency in the company. Initially, Porsche Company had adapted celebration of craft works that had promoted the concept of individual processes rather than collaboration in the overall product line. The former strategy became a handicap for the company since engineers ignored the need for cross-departmental cooperation on Porsche’s car designs, while at the same time making huge profits for Porsche on outside sales of engineering services. Wendelin introductions of the new strategy that is also commonly use by giant automobile in dustries such as BMW and Toyota greatly helped to boost the performance of the company significantly (Weihrich 5). Porter’s factor determinant of regional advantages is closely intertwined to a regional strength to industrial production. The reason why German automobiles are very competitive is because of the concentration of various successful automobile manufacturing industries in one area especially in the cities of Munich, Regensburg as well as Stuttgart. Most of the Europeans largest automobile companies such as Mercedes, BMW and Porsche are situated in these regions. Locating the Porsche Company in these region is a very effective strategy that the Porsche Company has ensured as a competitive strategy to increase the performance of the company in order to address the firm’s external dynamics. Another very strategic opportunity for the Porsche Automobile Company is the establishment of European Commission. The establishment of this integration has necessitated the growth of German automobile industries especially the Porsche automobile. The Commission has enabled the adaption of a common currency which has greatly addressed the issue of currency depressions especially within the Europeans region. The depression of the currencies in the Europeans nations was initially affecting the sales of the Porsche automobiles greatly. The establishment of the European Union has in addition enabled the integration in Telecommunication among the union’s members. This integration in telecommunication has boosted the Porsche automobile by enhancing communications in Porsche Company. Improved communications translates to improved performance because the flow of ideas from one department to the other is improved. The existence of good communication also means that the company is now at a better position to communicate with its supplies and other organizations they relate with in their daily operations. Those companies that supply them with the needed co mponents are able to relate more efficiently thus cutting down the costs of productions greatly that translates to increased performances. On the other hand, the establishment of the European Commission means that the movements of goods across the nations are also increased. This increases mobility of automobile across borders exposing the Porsche automobile to more competitions. The Porsche automobile faces stiff competition from other automobiles manufacturing companies. The acquisition strategy adapted by the Porsche Company has enabled the company to establish a competitive edge over its rival companies. The acquisition of the VW and Audi companies helped the Porsche Company to increase its market share in the automobile market. Increased production helped the company to enjoy the economies of scale which help it in reducing the costs of production. In addition, Porsche Company enjoys the synergy that accompanies such acquisition ventures. Some of the advantages that the company has been able to receive as a result of the acquisition are the ability to produce automobiles that are more efficient in consumption of energies. The Porsche Company has been able to acquire this technology from the VW employees that are well knowledgeable in production of vehicles that are efficient in the consumption of energy. Efficiency in the consumption of energies has enabled the Porsche automobile compete healthy in the automobile industry since the cars it produces consumes lesser fuel and thus are more economical to use. This has enabled the company to argument is sales greatly because more people are willing to buy Porsche vehicles since they consume lesser fuels. The VW ability to produce vehicles that are fuel efficient meant that the cars they produce do not pollute the environmental adversely. This meant that Porsche is able to operate within the emission limits set by the environmental bodies (Benson 234). Conclusion The Porsche Company is an example of a successfu l firm that has succeeded in establishing a local brand in Germany and globally. The company uses the strength of its quality as its competitive advantage. The company has used various strategies such as acquisition to remain competitive. The company strategic culture and management that recognizes and rewards its workforce has also greatly boosted the performance of Porsche Company. Recommendations Porsche Company should establish learning institutions to educate and train its employees. The company should identify strategic companies it can acquire or merge with in U.S., Asia or Africa to increase its sales in these regions. The company should adapt more economical costs of productions in order to allow the company’s models to compete well with rival brands both in pricing and quality. Benson, Charles. Porsche Automobile Holding SE. New York: Prentice Hall. 2007. Evtimov, Andrey and Keseel, Hans. Should Porsche Build a Sedan as a Forth  Product Line? London: Cambridge University Press.2001. Henderson, Rebecca and Reavis, Cate. What’s Driving Porsche? New York: Prentice Hall.2004 Phaeton, James. Volkswagen’s High-Luxury Sedan Sails into the U.S. Premium America, Inc. London: Cambridge University Press. 2008. Weihrich, Heinz. Analyzing the Competitive Advantages and Disadvantages of  Germany Industries. New York: Prentice Hall. 1999

Scenario question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Scenario question - Essay Example Related jurisprudence shall be discussed and analyzed; explications will be given to the end that the instant controversy would have a viable solution for the benefit of both parties and to the members of the global community as a whole. However, before delving into the merits of the case, it is equally essential to determine a fortiori, the competence of the ICJ to take cognizance of the dispute, for the Court can only exercise its adjudicative powers if indeed it has jurisdiction over the parties and over the subject matter. When the court is devoid of jurisdiction, it follows as a matter of law that it has no competence to decide on any controversy brought before it. Hence, any discussion shall firstly focus on the question of jurisdiction. It is well to emphasize that the jurisdiction of the ICJ can only be invoked if the state-parties submit to its jurisdiction or when they have presented their Declaration of Acceptance to the jurisdiction of the Court through the Optional Clause of the Statute of the ICJ.1 That being stated, the assessment of the dispute is in order. State A is a coastal State. That State established a 12-mile territorial sea by national legislation. On 3 October 1990, a commercial vessel flying the flag of State B struck mines in the territorial sea of State A. The explosions caused damage to the vessels and loss of life. Holding that to be the responsibility of State A, the Government of State B commenced negotiations with State A but in vain. Thus, on 25 June 1991, State B submitted the dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) based solely on Article 36 (2) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Thereupon the Government of B asked the ICJ to adjudicate to the effect that the Government of State A was internationally responsible for the consequences of the incident and it must make reparation or pay compensation. States A and B are both Parties to the Charter of the United Nations. State A accepted the optional clause of the Statute of the ICJ in 1986 (emphasis supplied). The Declaration of State A reads: 'I declare on behalf of the Government that State A recognizes as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation, that is to say, on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, for a period of ten years from the date of the deposit of the instrument of ratification.' State B also accepted the optional clause of the Statute of the ICJ in 1987 (emphasis supplied). The Declaration of State B reads: 'I declare on behalf of the Government that I recognize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of reciprocity, the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the said Court, for all disputes which may arise in respect of facts or situations subsequent to the ratification of the present declaration, with the exception of those with regard to which the parties may have

Pearl Harbor Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pearl Harbor Film - Essay Example The researcher states that the film follows the quintessential fly jocks Rafe and Daniel who were boyhood friends and are now the cocky show-offs of the U.S. Army Air Corps.   While their antics get them into trouble with their superiors, they also make them heroes among their friends, instantly establishing their stereotype for the audience within the opening scenes.   The third main character, Evelyn, enters the story on her way to a dance as she tells her friends about how she first met Rafe, their budding romance and a particular disability, dyslexia, that would have kept him on the ground had she not helped him to cheat his way through the vision test.   However, Rafe has already volunteered to serve with a volunteer force of American pilots serving with the British Royal Air Force and is scheduled to leave the next morning, forcing him to part from Evelyn.   While he’s on his way to England, Evelyn and Danny with many other officers and nurses, are transferred to Pearl Harbor.   While Rafe faces immediate death all the time in England, Evelyn and Danny enjoy Hawaii’s tropical paradise and General Yamamoto plans the Pearl Harbor attack.   Then Rafe gets in an air battle accident and is presumed dead.   Danny and Evelyn go through a three-month grieving period before they begin to date each other.   On the morning that Evelyn discovers she’s pregnant, both she and Danny learn that Rafe is alive as he shows up in Hawaii.   However, at the same time, Rafe realizes that Danny and Evelyn have been dating and the two friends end up in a fight at a bar.  

Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes

Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes Maariyah Iqbal   INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the background of the problem will be presented. This will be followed by the research problem as well as the particular purpose and question, specifically highlighting why the topic area chosen is of great interest. 1.1 Background The National Health Service (NHS) provides healthcare for all citizens within the United Kingdom (UK) and it is funded by taxes; the core principles of the NHS are to meet the needs of everyone and it is based on a patients clinical need(s) and not on their ability to pay (Slee et al., 2008). The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2017 provides guidance on how to promote good health as well as prevention and treatment of health. The NHS in England receives over 1 million patients approximately every 36 hours, and this organisation employs over an estimated of 1.5 million people making it to one of the top five worlds largest workforces (NHS Choices, 2016). Despite the success of the services of the NHS there is more work needed to continue to improve services and deliver care (NHS Improvement, 2015). Therefore, the NHS continues to remain under pressure as there are further increases in demand for care (NHS Improvement, 2015). This means an increased demand for all health care practitioners, including Radiographers. The demand for services means increased waiting times, may lead to increased work pressure. To improve services the department of health set an ongoing standard for the NHS where the patient spends four hours or less in the Accident and Emergency (AE) from arrival to admission or discharge (House of commons, 2005). However, a report from the Kings Fund (2016) shows that AE departments are soaring to six million patients attending, this is placing a huge strain on services making it difficult to meet this target. Data from the briefing paper from Houses of Parliament (Appendix 1) show that in some areas such as; Greater London and Manchester there was 26-32% of patients that waited for more than four hours. Increased demands of work continue to leave the NHS under pressure as there are further increases in demand for care, and issues with being able to discharge medically fit patients (NHS Improvement, 2015). Extracted from the quarterly data summary issue (2008), in England one of the main issues surrounding discharging of patients is that they are still awaiting results of tests and discharge forms are not being complete in time (NHS England, 2015). Good planning in regards to discharging is imperative as it will improve patient flow and satisfactory, and can also decrease the chances of patients being readmitted again (Family Caregiver Alliance, 2016). The department of health puts forward ten operating principles in regards to discharging, one of which is the multidisciplinary team working together to plan care, and make decisions on the process and timing of discharging (Nursing Standard, 2010). Professionals can extend their roles beyond their scope of practice, and can be further trained to contribute to discharging of patients which can ease pressures of other staff in the AE department such as; doctors. Research also taken from (Graysons, no date) showed that a search search by the NHS Litigation Authority for descriptions of failure/delay diagnosis or incorrect diagnosis in 2014/15. The results of the response showed, 183 mentions of fractures. This highlighted that misinterpretation of images was also one of the factors of delayed discharge. In the context of clinical imaging, radiographers reporting on images is well established in the UK and it makes a major contribution to clinical imaging services and contribution to multidisciplinary care (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). A study was carried out by Snaith (2007) whereby three reporting radiographers were trained to discharge patients or refer to AE (Accident Emergency) for further assessment. The results were significant and showed that that 1760 examinations were reviews, 5% of these were discharged and 2% were referred. However, the number of patients recalled due to incorrect interpretation was decreased by 52% in those 4 months compared with the previous 3 years data (The College of Radiographers, 2017). This shows that Radiographers can extend their role not just within clinical imaging services, but also outside of their department by contributing to the management of patients and decreasing the risk of radiographic misinterpretation. Initially, radiographers produce high quality images of the body, screen for abnormalities and take part in surgical examinations to identify and diagnose injury and disease (The National Careers Service, 2016). Thus, being able to distinguish between normal and abnormal appearances that are evident on images is one of the standards that should be met by a radiographer (HCPC, 2017). The red dot system is implemented by radiographers in emergency departments to highlight acute abnormalities. Radiography Abnormality Detection Schemes (RADS) is one of the ways in which radiographers interpret images produced. They are able to make an initial interpretation on images obtained which gives them a proactive role in the diagnostic process, and assists doctors in the correct interpretation of radiographic images (SoR, no date). However, despite there being a set standard for radiographers to meet. Clinical imaging services are under increasing pressure year on year as radiographers are required to enhance the quality of the image, productivity, which is difficult due to staffing levels (Beardmore, 2013). In addition, these problematic areas can have a knock-on effect on other significant areas within the NHS; such as supervision of newly qualified and students that are training there. After research, the author has found that there is a variation in of training in hospitals and university, as the time that students spend on clinical placement has found to be different. The University of Leeds (2017) 50% of the course is in clinical placement, however, students at the Birmingham City University (2017) spend 35% of their course on clinical placement. This highlights there is a variation in clinical placement and this could affect the new registrants that may not be equally competent once qualified or even mee t a certain threshold. Ultimately, all students must meet specific standards in order to receive their Health and care professions council (HCPC) registration to be able to become and work as a newly qualified radiographer (the Society and College of Radiographers, 2017). The HCPC is an independent regulator, it regulates 15 other professions besides radiographers, they are established to protect the public by maintaining a register of all those that hold the protected title of social worker, so that registrants practice safely, legally and effectively (University of Bedfordshire, 2017). The HCPC set standards, approve courses that meet those standards, register those who pass the courses and clinical competencies, and hold them to their standards. In relation to diagnostic radiography, they set standards of proficiency for all radiographers which set out safe and effective practice, it covers areas in depth; so, all radiographers should be able to maintain fitness and practice (Health and Care Professions Council, 2013), this is elaborated on further from on section 3 to 3.3 (Appendix 2). It is vital that all standards that are discussed and mentioned, are met in order to be able to receive the registration. Additionally, once qualified and registered under the HCPC; a newly qualified radiographer is supported on their job role by a period of preceptorship. Although there is no defined period of preceptorship it is support for those that have newly qualified. It is a period of adaptation to a job role, consolidating knowledge and skills till he or she is able to work as an autonomous radiographer. (The Society and College of Radiographers, 2017). Moreover, as there is a shortage of staff as the NHS staff survey conducted in 2013 that showed that the staff stated that they felt under pressure and over worked, as they were working extra hours increasing from 69.7% to 70.5% from the previous year (UNISON, 2014). This highlights that training students, or even supporting staff within an organisation can be difficult as staff can be difficult due to staffing issues and work pressures. However, from research the author has found that an increase of patients will mean an increase in the range and capability of clinical images which will consequent needs of training radiographers to safely extend their roles. Moreover, initial training whereby it leads to either role extension, or continuing professional development are integral to radiographic practice (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). Radiographers are expected to build on their postgraduate qualifications and clinical managers are encouraged to embed this use of learning tool in radiographers personal development reviews (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). In context, of this radiographer are able to extend their roles by Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes (RADS). RADS allows radiographers to red dot images which put a mark on the image suggesting there is an abnormality present (Carver and Carver, 2012). Thus, making it easier for the clinician/referrer to look at when reporting on it. Being able to implement RADS can help to reduce errors and improve accuracy (Chan, 2007). The aim of this system is to assist emergency departments, especially when there is a shortage of staff such as; radiologists that do the reporting w hich helps location of the abnormality to be commented on sooner (Coelho and Rodrigues, no date). The basis of the problem around RADS will now be further discussed, which will be able to give an insight of the purpose of this research. 1.1 Research Problem RADS has become an accepted norm for radiographers (Carver and Carver, 2012). Before implementing RADS, it is essential that radiographers are able to evaluate and manipulate images for quality purposes which allows them to the be able to understand the image to implement RADS. A study carried out by Brearly et al., 2005 which looked at the accuracy of radiographers use of the red dot system with and without training on this area, and whether or not they can assess how a normal image would be presented. There was a significant improvement found in the sensitivity for detecting abnormalities, however, there was no change in the actual specificity. This highlights that, after training took place radiographers were able to red dot more images than before the training took place, however, the number of radiographs that radiographers selected as being normal there was no change found. Therefore, the validity of this study is limited as it not clear on whether the sample of radiographs before and after training were comparable. However, Hardy and Culpan (2007) carried out a study whereby they assessed radiographers before and after training in their ability to red dot images. They introduced a training programme for 10 weeks, the results showed that their accurac y as a group increased for 89.9% to 93% and their sensitivity (number of abnormal images) however, the specificity (number of normal images) decreased slightly from 96.4% to 96.1%. The study highlights, that although the results are not statistically significant, with appropriate training it can have an overall positive effect on the use of radiographer abnormality detection schemes. Despite there being a significant amount of research on this topic area, there is no clear evidence whether or not training improves the implementation of red dotting. 1.1 Research purpose and question The purpose of this research is to give an insight on whether training improves newly qualified radiographers in implementing RADS in practice or not. This case will be further developed with the use of a literature review. References Birmingham City University. (2017). Diagnostic Radiography: BSc (Hons). Available: http://www.bcu.ac.uk/courses/diagnostic-radiography-2017-18. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017 Net Doctor. (2017). What is the NHS?. Available: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health-services/nhs/a4489/what-is-the-nhs/. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. NHS Choices . (2016). The NHS in England. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/overview.aspx. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. NHS Improvement. (2015). NHS providers working hard, but still under pressure . Available: https://improvement.nhs.uk/news-alerts/nhs-providers-working-hard-still-under-pressure/. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. Teesside University. (2017). BSc (Hons) Diagnostic Radiography. Available: https://www.tees.ac.uk/undergraduate_courses/Health__Social_Care/BSc_(Hons)_Diagnostic_Radiography.cfm. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. The Kings Fund. (2017). Demand for NHS services soars to record levels. Available: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/press/press-releases/demand-nhs-services-soars-record-levels. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. The National Careers Service. (2016). Radiographer. Available: https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/job-profiles/radiographer. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. UNISON. (2014). Running on empty NHS staff stretched to the limit. Available: https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/04/On-line-Catalogue222452.pdf. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. Parliamentary. (no date). Accident and Emergency Statistics: Demand, performance and pressure. Available: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06964. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. The Health and Care Professions Council. (2017). Standards of Proficiency. Available: http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10000DBDStandards_of_Proficiency_Radiographers.pdf. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. The Society of Radiographers. (no date). Radiographer abnormality detection schemes in the trauma environment. Available: http://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201109/ab_detection_clinical_260607.pdf. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j8vohIcgiiACpg=PA264dq=what+is+red+dotting+in+radiographyhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwia0cm_h4vSAhVTF8AKHXsnDu0Q6AEIQDAG#v=onepageq=what%20is%20red%20dotting%20in%20radiographyf=false https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_W0RhyluKncCpg=PT33dq=why+is+the+red+dot+system+importanthl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwimt62ak4vSAhVpJ8AKHUm6DPoQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepageq=why%20is%20the%20red%20dot%20system%20importantf=false http://repositorio.chporto.pt/bitstream/10400.16/842/1/CR11a.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6998900_Accuracy_of_radiographers_red_dot_or_triage_of_accident_and_emergency_radiographs_in_clinical_practice_A_systematic_review https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Hf4xWVXwxoCpg=PA376dq=The+National+Health+Service+(NHS)+provides+healthcare+for+all+citizens+within+the+United+Kingdom+(UK)+and+it+is+funded+by+taxes.hl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjm3tWB-Y3SAhWKD8AKHbTzAtcQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepageq=The%20National%20Health%20Service%20(NHS)%20provides%20healthcare%20for%20all%20citizens%20within%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20(UK)%20and%20it%20is%20funded%20by%20taxes.f=false https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmpubacc/445/445.pdf http://www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/resources/?EntryId45=59854 http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(05)00159-8/abstract http://www.graysons.co.uk/advice/the-top-misdiagnosed-conditions-in-nhs-hospitals/#misdiagnosed https://www.caregiver.org/hospital-discharge-planning-guide-families-and-caregivers http://journals.rcni.com/userimages/ContentEditor/1373367855606/Discharge-planning.pdf http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(03)00069-5/abstract https://www.beds.ac.uk/howtoapply/departments/appliedsocialstudies/reforms-in-social-work-education/the-health-and-care-professions-council-hcpc http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(05)00159-8/abstract Appendices Appendix 1: AE waiting times in England: Patients spending over 4 hours in major AE departments (Parliamentary, no date) Appendix 2 (Health and Care Professions Council, 2013). Further websites could be used https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232221820_Evaluating_the_true_clinical_utility_of_the_red_dot_system_in_radiograph_interpretation could be used for intro and literature review http://shura.shu.ac.uk/9450/1/Naylor_PhD.pdf

Co-education Female Essay

The debatable issue on Co-education is continually progressing through the State and convincing parents and teachers that sex-separation will reveal a sign of improvement in student’s lives. In the United States, teamwork is a massive aspect in people’s lives where both girls and boys work together in order to achieve their goal , however, both articles provide informative proves that co-education could result in failure because of the different stereotypes in society. The debate mainly focuses on the separation of both sexes in school since â€Å"there is no extra cost. The debate also catches the reader’s attention by the different research that many scientists did in order to prove a fair result that will satisfy the parents and teachers. The separation of sexes in school could result in improvement of education and behavior with boys and girls. Based on Jennifer Medina’s article, teachers will face less problems if both sexes are separated since the boys will tend to focus more on learning than on girls, in addition, girls will tend to feel more comfortable participating in class. Co-education will also result in good teamwork especially in the outside community because both girls and boys will learn to communicate. However, from the boy’s point of view, they will tend to be more comfortable in expressing themselves and learn about â€Å"being a man† in their own bodies. In addition to those articles, the media will affect the parents and the teachers around the state because of highly known and educative people in society. For example, Leonard Sax who is a best seller author of Why Gender Matters and Michael Sax argues about single sex with a huge audience in order to prove their facts about the separation and the importance of it. In contrast, both sex educations could also result in improvement around the state and in schools because boys and girls will learn to communicate together and work hard as one community. In addition, many authors and scientist were seeking for evidence in order to prove that Co-education could be for the good of their community. For example, a research on Bronx’s Eagle school stated that both sexes’ classes tend to have higher test scores around the state and tend to receive high percentages in their community. Both sexes will also learn and appreciate that both sexes are important in everyone’s lives since they communicate and work together outside of the learning community. Researchers also proved that working together as both sexes will also result a sign improvement in teamwork because many girls tend to be left out in single-sex schools in teamwork projects. Comparatively, Co-Education and single education also have their problems in society because of their lack of certain teachings in schools. For example , a study showed that girls tend to be smarter than boys and tend to solve math and science faster and more accurate since there are different brains and each person have a different sign of knowledge and personality. However, since girls are smarter, they tend to ask for more detailed teachings and writing scripts since they will have more things to explain in their writing assignment. When in contrast, boys have to write about a simple sport or a job they seek for in order to prepare them for the future. Although, teachers who support single education tend to have other opinions toward their ways of teaching. For example, Mr. Napolitano claims that he is more comfortable in expressing his feelings and thoughts while teaching to single sex classrooms because the boys will tend to have the same situation. In addition he also shows a book called Patrol Boy in order to show boys that having a tattoo is not a material they should use in co-ed class. In conclusion, this debate tends to prove that single education will show more improvements since the media tend to support it and also the teachers. The reasons that parents should choose single education is because they will improve economically and also their students will face less behavior problems and more school focused. However, co-ed schools tend to have higher scores and will teach the students to work together in order to improve their speech especially outside in society since they will be working together as one team. Both articles prove that both educations will result in bonding together as students and as teachers in this society because at the end of this debate both classrooms will be teaching and learning in the states.

Prejudice and Discrimination Essay

Analytical Factsheet on Prejudice & Discrimination on Class Inequality Section 1: Executive Summary This essay is about prejudice and discrimination occurring in Singapore context to address Class discrimination. This essay will also show reasons to why prejudice and discrimination occurs and the effects of such inequity can cause to the society. In this case studies possible measures and solutions will be highlighted and suggested. Section 2: The issues and who are involved. This essay will discuss the discrimination against foreign workers working in Singapore. I will be elaborating on how class discrimination has adverse impacts on society on economic level and social levels. I define foreign workers as a group of minority that come from different countries to work in Singapore. According to the 2009 Singapore Yearbook of Manpower Statistics, 37. 6% of Singapore’s population are made up of foreign workers (1. 1 million %). This proves that foreign workers are an important component of our labour force. (Construction (70. 7%), followed by manufacturing (46. 8%) and service (28. 9%) sectors. ) The reason why I chose this topic is that knowing that this group of people had contributed to the country’s growth, yet they still suffer from social inequality and it is an important to address such issues and to understand what leads to such prejudice and discrimination against them. The common stereotypes of foreign workers are they are dirty, have weird body odour, lack of proper hygiene, creates disturbance in housing areas. They tend to speak loudly, creating a lot of noise and being responsible for the crime rates in Singapore. (The Straits Times Nov 2007 they eat, litter, get drunk, urinate, sleep and even fight,) They are also classified as poor people, cheap labour, being lecherous and not very well educated, and people with ill intension. These stereotypes then evolve into prejudices and discrimination and people tend to believe such information because it is consistent with their stereotypes while dismissing contradictory information. Having such stereotypes, people will tend to avoid and be unwilling to mingle with this group of people. For example in the case of the dormitory being setup for a group of foreign workers near the Serragoon gardens issue, it has brought about a big fiasco. Residences were worried about the safety and security in the neighbourhood. Working in a foreign country somehow shows that they are poor, in need of money and thus creating an impression that they wouldn’t hesitant to break in into houses to steal. (CNA October 3rd 2008 Dormitory decision upsets some Sera goon Gardens residents) It clearly shows how they are being mistreated by allocating their living quarters next to the cemetery to prevent any social conflict between the locals and these foreigners. (The Online Citizen Nov 2009 Social isolation – left among the dead) Many of them are being deprived of proper housing conditions where many need to be squeeze into a small room. Dormitories provided were usually poorly facilitated and has very low hygiene standards and others stay at worksite which can be dangerous. (The Online Citizen Sept 2009 Special Feature Is Singapore Slum Free? ) Unsafe transportations were used to ferry these workers to the worksites. Due to these factors, resulting in cases where foreign workers’ lives were lost because their welfare and safety weren’t factor in as priority. (Asia One News the New paper June 2010 3 death 14 hurt in latest crash) This group of people are commonly discriminated by the derogatory name( chinaman, bangala) given to them and being viewed a ‘2nd class citizen’ due to the low paid jobs they have thus having low social status. And because of this they are often being disrespected, taken for granted and exploited in the labour market. (The Online Citizen October 5th 2009 Chinese worker issued with receipt containing vulgarities) Section 3: Why it is important for us to talk about it? Currently there are laws and regulation in Singapore to protect these foreign workers but much can be done to improve on the current situation. According to civil society organisation Transient Workers Count Too, Ministry of Manpower hands out booklets to foreign workers upon their arrival in Singapore. These booklets regarding the employment act are available in different languages, hotline number is also provided for workers to report abuses. But employers and agents, in many cases, confiscate these leaflets and brochures, thus such informations are unable to reach them. Public endorsement of the exploitation of foreign workers seems to be allow for businesses and ports in Singapore to run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year on foreigners because the economic market have created an industrial and work culture that requires them to accepting conditions that local workers would not agree to. Thus businesses are allowed to cut corners by squeezing foreign workers dry. The restrictive work permit system, which ties foreign workers to a single employer, makes it difficult for them to negotiate for better working conditions let alone higher wages. Many were afraid to speak up fearing that they might lose their jobs. Returning to their countries is not what they are looking forward to as many have taken out loans of up to $9000 just to work in Singapore. These workers have to work for long hours to support their families and to re-pay their debt. Contracts that are written are usually not made clear to the workers. Employers made the contracts solely to protect their own needs, rather than creating an unbiased relationship between themselves and their workers. Unions on the other hand are limited to how much they can do to assist and help demand for better working conditions. When workers are poor and lack legal protection, they are often willing to work longer hours for lower wages. Hence, the reason employers are willing to hire foreign workers in favour of local workers is because working conditions of all low wage workers in general are poor to start with. With such social inequality present in a multi racial country, it is important to address these issues in order to uphold the country’s goal to foster good relationship between different groups of people and to maintain a presentable image in the global world. Most importantly is to educate and ensure growth of such sectors should not be made at the expense of these workers’ rights. Being a small country, the effects if a strike will to occur will affect the country drastically, it will only tell foreign investors that we are not strong enough to provide a stable policies for business dealing and human rights are being abuse thus reflecting badly on Singapore’s reputation. Hence it is important to make sure fair treatment is giving to them. Negative effects will surface if they decided to vacant these jobs and it will definitely crumble the industries that which employments of foreign workers are high. Section 4: Where can we start to fix the problem? To tackle the problems of such inequality, by raising awareness and creating opportunities for interaction is ideal. Giving foreign workers a medium to voice out their opinions is necessary for human rights and the Government should initiate sharing sessions with foreign workers where translators could be brought in to break down language barriers. To help ease the problem of exploitation, laws which work against bad lodging can be further enforce with stricter consequences. For example, improve living conditions so as basic necessities are provided. Reduce discriminatory behaviours acted towards this minority group, the media can also play a part to show that what dangerous or risky jobs are taken up by them to make our living lifestyle better and to address and give credit to their contributions. In addition, subjects such as civics and moral education can be used to reach out to educate students about discrimination at a younger age. References: 1. The Online Citizen Nov 2009 Social isolation – left among the dead http://theonlinecitizen. com/2009/11/social-isolation-left-among-the-dead/ 2. Asia One News the New paper June 2010 3 death 14 hurt in latest crash http://news. asiaone. com/News/The+New+Paper/Story/A1Story20100623-223657. html 3. The Online Citizen Sept 2009 Special Feature Is Singapore Slum Free? http://theonlinecitizen. com/2009/09/toc-special-feature-is-singapore-really-slum-free/ 4. Transient Worker Count too http://www. twc2. org. sg/site/newsletters/2008-sept-oct. html 5. The Straits Times Nov 2007 they eat, litter, get drunk, urinate, sleep and even fight, http://www. straitstimes. com/print/Free/Story/STIStory_180230. html 6. The Online Citizen October 5th 2009 Chinese worker issued with receipt containing vulgarities http://theonlinecitizen.com/2009/10/chinese-worker-issued-with-receipt-containing-vulgarities/ 7. Fit to Post June 24th 2010 Recognizing the work and sacrifice of foreign workers http://sg. yfittopostblog. com/2010/06/24/recognising-the-work-and-sacrifice-of-foreign-workers/ 8. The Online Citizen March 6th 2010 Foreign Workers Contract http://theonlinecitizen. com/2010/03/foreign-worker-contracts/ 9. Ministry of Manpower http://www. mom. gov. sg/Pages/default. aspx 10. CNA October 3rd 2008 Dormitory decision upsets some Serragoon Gardens residents http://www. channelnewsasia. com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/380077/1/. html.